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151.
Molecular genetic analysis of the response of three soil microbial communities to the application of 2, 4-D 总被引:12,自引:1,他引:11
The responses of three different soil microbial communities to the experimental application of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) were evaluated with a variety of molecular genetic techniques. Two of the three soil communities had histories of prior direct exposure to 2, 4-D, and one had no prior direct application of any herbicide. Dominant 2, 4-D degrading strains isolated from these soils the previous year were screened for hybridization with three catabolic genes (tfdA, tfdAII, and tfdB) cloned from the well-studied 2, 4-D degradative plasmid, pJP4, revealing varying degrees of similarity with the three genes. Hybridization of total community DNA from the three soils with the tfd gene probes also indicated that pJP4-like tfd genes were not harboured by a significant percentage of the community. Community level response was evaluated by the comparison of different treatments by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprints and by community DNA cross-hybridization. No differences between treatments within the same soil were detected in any of the RAPD fingerprints generated with 17 primers. Community DNA cross-hybridization also indicated that the application of 2, 4-D at the applied rates did not quantitatively affect the structure of the soil microbial communities present in the three soils during the time-frame studied. 相似文献
152.
应用草型塘模型生态系统研究化学品的整体生态效应 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
本文叙述草型塘模型生态系统的结构、功能及应用于评价化学品引起生态效应的可能性。模型塘由8个3m×1m×1m(V=3m ̄3)的玻璃钢水槽组成。每个槽的底部铺设10cm厚的带有水生生物种子、孢子和卵子的河泥,灌注自来水,添加一定量的KNO_3和NaH_2PO_4.使起始氮、磷含量达到中-富营养水平。在室外自然光照条件下培养,实验历时4个多月。经1个多月的培养,各槽即形成结构复杂的沉水植物群落,除各种常见的沉水植物外,尚有多种藻类、浮游动物、底栖动物及微生物。各群落之间的相似性较好,藻类、浮游甲壳类及底栖动物多样性指数变异系数分别为17.7%、18.0%和36.0%。群落功能稳定,9月中旬各槽群落总产氧量平均为5.75±0.30g/m ̄2·d’P/R比值平均为1.26±0.07,二者的变异系数分别为5.2%和5.6%。经单甲脒农药污染影响实验,本模型生态系统中的群落结构及功能产生一系列明显反应。说明草型塘模型生态系统结构、功能比较复杂,稳定,可比性较强,对药物污染反应灵敏,是生态系统水平上生态效应评价的良好工具。 相似文献
153.
中国主要五针松群落学特征及其生物量的研究 总被引:11,自引:1,他引:10
本文根据现有的文献资料,系统地分析了中国五针松的分布.群落学特征,按不同分布区、不同群落类型探讨了中国五针松的群落生物量和年净生产量及在群落的不同层次上的分布.比较分析了不同分布区五针松的年干物质累积速度(NP/B).结果表明:115─135a生的阔叶红松林群落生物量在97.09─120.51t/hm ̄2之间,年净生产量在8.698─10.34t/hm ̄2.a之间,年净生产量长白山山脉沙松、鹅耳枥红松林>小兴安岭南坡枫桦、水曲柳红松林>小兴安岭北坡云杉、冷杉红松林;30─36a生的华山松林群落生物量在78.75─94.73t/hm ̄2之间,年净生产量在4.993─5.537t/hm ̄2.a之间,年净生产量贵州山地常绿阔叶华山松林>秦岭中山地阔叶华山松林>甘肃小陇山针阔叶华山松林.NP/B值:长白山山脉的阔叶红松林>小兴安岭山脉的阔叶红松林;秦岭中山地阔叶华山松林>甘肃小陇山针阔华山松林>贵州中山地常绿阔叶华山松林. 相似文献
154.
155.
生物群落的生态稳定性 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
1.生物群落生态稳定的概念从生态学意义看,生物群落是稳定的,就是指它在相当长的一段时间内保持其中各种群数目不变,意即一方面,任何一个种群的数量不会少到能繁衍后代,乃致绝灭,另一 相似文献
156.
157.
Composition and seasonal fluctuations of the ichthyoplankton community in a shallow tidal channel of Cadiz Bay (S.W. Spain) 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The composition and seasonal variation of the ichthyoplankton community in a shallow tidal channel in Cadiz Bay was studied for 5 years (1984 1988), taking fortnightly samples with a conical tide-strained net (0.5 mm mesh). Thirty-nine species belonging to 21 families of teleosts were caught. Four species ( Pomutoschistus microps Kroyer, Atherina hoyeri Risso, Liza rumuda Risso and Lizu a lira Ia Risso) totalled more than 90% of the annual ichthyoplankton abundance. Three species, assumed to be permanent residents, dominated the number offish (837%), and were represented by all their developing stages; 26 species (66.7%) were temporary residents, contributing 17.2% to the total abundance and were represented only by early developing stages; the remaining 10 species were classified as rare. Monthly numbers of species and individuals showed seasonal variation with a main annual peak in spring and in late spring-early summer, respectively. The diversity (H') and evenness (S) indices of this community were low (0.13 to 1.83 and 0.03 to 0.71. respectively), with higher values in winter and late summer, and both were significantly correlated with the log-transformed density of temporary residents (r = 0.43 and 0.41, respectively; P<0.0l) and permanent residents (r=−0.75 and −0.79, respectively; P<0.01). Multivariate classification analysis of samples revealed that similar cyclical changes were taking place in the structure of this ichthyoplankton community every year; three periods could be differentiated: (1) a cool period of low fish density but relatively high diversity; (2) moderate temperature and salinity with high numbers of species and density but low diversity and (3) a warm period of moderate diversity and fish density. 相似文献
158.
Paul A. del Giorgio Alicia L. Vinocur Ruben J. Lombardo Hector G. Tell 《Hydrobiologia》1991,224(3):129-154
The phytoplankton of the River Lujan (Buenos Aires, Argentina) was studied for a period of 18 months, together with physical and chemical variables, in relation to a pollution gradient. 167 taxa were recorded within a seasonal succession characterized by dominance of diatoms with a brief summer green algae facies. A combination of several biotic indices and multivariate analysis was employed to assess the impact of pollution on the phytoplankton community. The biotic indices used were species diversity and richness, algal quotients (green algae/diatom ratio, Centrales/Pennales ratio) and the SD succession rate index. Multivariate procedures included cluster analysis and ordination by PCA of both species and samples, stepwise discriminant analysis and multiple discriminant analysis of variance (MANOVA). Results indicate that community dynamism is attenuated at the more polluted sites, concomitant with an increased predominance of a broad-tolerance algal assemblage, co-dominated by Cyclotella meneghiniana and Nitzschia stagnorum. The changes in the community structure and dynamics described herein involved alterations in the distribution and relative proportions of the algae, rather than modifications in the basic species composition. These changes may not be readily detectable by methods which over-simplify the ecological information, such as systems of indicator species and biotic indices, designed to assess the degree of pollution. The suitability of multivariate analysis and biotic indices in river phytoplankton studies is further discussed. 相似文献
159.
An enclosure experiment was conducted to assess the effects of a zooplankton elimination on the structure of a phytoplankton community. Phytoplankton biomass and production were higher in grazer-free enclosures, while the productivity per unit biovolume was lower. Exclusion of zooplankton favoured the majority of algal species, especially chrysophyceans (Dinobryon spp.) and the diatom Rhizosolenia, while mucilagineous green-algae were disfavoured. Middle sized algae (ESD 15–50 µm) and those with the largest Surface Area/Volume ratio were proportionally most favoured by the elimination of grazers.These differences in phytoplankton community structure are discussed in relation to effects of direct selective grazing and nutrient recycling by zooplankton. Some differences, as the immediate positive response of Dinobryon and Rhizosolenia, are probably caused by grazing release, while others, e.g. the response of mucilagineous species, might be caused by changed competitive relationships between the algae. 相似文献
160.
高寒草甸地区小哺乳动物群落多样性的初步研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
高寒苹甸地区的人工草场、半人工草场、次生杂类草草场和撩荒地中共有4个小哺乳类群落;根田鼠+高原鼢鼠群落;根田鼠+甘肃鼠兔群落;高原鼠兔+高原鼢鼠群落;长尾仓鼠+高原鼠兔群落。小哺乳类群落种的多样性与植物群落种的多样性无显著相关关系,而与植被的高度、盖度呈显著负相关关系。高原鼢鼠是各生境中的广布种。根田鼠与甘肃鼠兔在植被郁闭度高的环境中为群落的主要组成者;植被郁闭度低的环境中,高原鼠兔和长尾仓鼠是群落的主要成员。它们的空间格局主要反映空间环境条件的差异。 相似文献